Encyclopedia — Oman Vision 2040 Definitions and Concepts
Reference encyclopedia for Vision 2040 concepts, KPI definitions, institutions, and geographic terms.
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Aflaj (Ancient Irrigation System)
Oman's aflaj (UNESCO World Heritage 2006) are ancient gravity-fed water channels that have sustained oasis agriculture for 3,000+ years — a sophisticated communal water management system still functioning today.
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CPI Improvement 2024 — Oman's Anti-Corruption Progress
Oman improved its Corruption Perceptions Index ranking by 20 places in 2024 — from approximately rank 70 to rank 50 — the most significant single-year improvement among GCC states. A major signal to international investors.
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Duqm Special Economic Zone
Duqm SEZ is Oman's most ambitious industrial development — a 2,000km² greenfield zone with deep-water port, 230,000 bpd refinery, drydock, and planned green hydrogen cluster, managed by SEZAD under OPAZ.
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Economic Complexity Index (ECI)
The Economic Complexity Index measures the diversity and sophistication of a country's export basket — the most demanding diversification metric in Vision 2040, targeting Oman in the global top 10 by 2040.
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Gini Coefficient
The Gini coefficient measures income inequality — Oman's coefficient of 0.31 (2010 baseline) is relatively contained by regional standards, with a Vision 2040 target of 0.28.
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Green Hydrogen
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysing water using renewable electricity — producing zero-carbon hydrogen that can replace fossil fuels in industry, transportation, and energy storage. Oman targets a $30bn+ export pipeline by 2040.
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Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index combines life expectancy, education, and income into a composite measure. Oman's HDI of 0.847 (2022) places it in the Very High Human Development category.
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India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC)
IMEC is a proposed multi-modal trade corridor connecting India to Europe via the Gulf — announced at the G20 in 2023. Oman's ports (Sohar, Duqm) are positioned as potential key nodes if the corridor is realised.
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Khareef (Salalah Monsoon Season)
The Khareef (June-September) is Oman's monsoon season that transforms Dhofar into a green, mist-covered landscape unique in the Arab world — creating both a distinctive tourism product and a marine upwelling that makes the Arabian Sea among the world's most productive fisheries.
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Non-Oil GDP Share
Non-oil GDP share measures the proportion of Oman's total economic output generated outside the hydrocarbons sector — Vision 2040's flagship diversification metric.
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Oman Fiscal Surplus (2022-2024)
Oman achieved fiscal surpluses in 2022, 2023, and 2024 — a dramatic reversal from the -11.7% GDP deficit of 2017. The turnaround reflects higher oil prices, VAT revenue, expenditure discipline, and improved fiscal management under Vision 2040.
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Oman Future Fund
The Oman Future Fund, launched in 2024 with OMR 2 billion initial capitalisation, invests in Vision 2040 priority sectors — a development finance vehicle separate from OIA's wealth preservation mandate.
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Omanisation
Omanisation is the policy of increasing Omani national employees' share of the private sector workforce — Vision 2040's most politically sensitive target (11.6% to 40% by 2040), currently running at approximately 18.5%.
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OQEP IPO (2024)
The OQ Exploration and Production (OQEP) IPO in 2024 was Oman's largest-ever equity listing — raising OMR 975 million (~$2.5bn) and transforming Muscat Stock Exchange's market capitalisation.
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Port of Salalah
Port of Salalah is Oman's largest container port and a major global transhipment hub, located on the main Asia-Europe shipping lane adjacent to the Gulf of Aden. Capacity exceeds 5 million TEU annually.
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Social Progress Index (SPI)
The Social Progress Index measures societal wellbeing beyond GDP — covering basic human needs, wellbeing foundations, and opportunity. Oman's baseline was 68.2 (rank 66, 2018), targeting rank 20 by 2040.
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Tawteen Platform
Tawteen is Oman's national digital job matching platform, launched in 2024, directly connecting Omani job seekers with private sector vacancies — a digital infrastructure response to the Omanisation gap.
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Vision 2040: Four Pillars
Vision 2040 organises Oman's national strategy around four pillars: People and Society, Economy and Development, Sustainable Environment, and Governance. These pillars contain 12 priorities and 70+ KPIs.