Is Oman a Monarchy?
Short Answer
Yes, Oman is an absolute monarchy governed by a Sultan who serves as both head of state and head of government. The current ruler, Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Al Said, assumed the throne in January 2020 following the death of Sultan Qaboos bin Said, who had ruled since 1970.
Detailed Answer
The political system of Oman is defined by the Basic Statute of the State, promulgated in 1996, which establishes the Sultanate as a hereditary monarchy. The Sultan holds executive, legislative, and judicial authority, though governance is exercised through a council of ministers appointed by the Sultan.
Oman has a bicameral advisory council system. The Majlis al-Shura, or Consultative Council, has elected members chosen by Omani citizens through universal suffrage. The Majlis al-Dawla, or State Council, consists of members appointed by the Sultan. Both councils provide advice and review draft legislation, but ultimate authority rests with the Sultan.
Sultan Qaboos transformed Oman from an isolated and underdeveloped country into a modern state during his fifty-year reign. He oversaw the construction of roads, schools, hospitals, and the development of the oil industry. Before his death, he established a sealed letter system to ensure a smooth succession, which led to Sultan Haitham’s appointment.
Sultan Haitham has continued the modernisation agenda while introducing reforms to government structure and economic policy. He created new ministries, restructured the civil service, and launched Vision 2040 as the guiding framework for national development. Political parties are not permitted, and civil liberties are more restricted than in Western democracies.