Overview
The promulgation of the Basic Statute of the State in November 1996 by Royal Decree established Oman’s fundamental constitutional framework, codifying the principles of governance, citizens’ rights and duties, and the structure of state institutions. The document was a landmark in Oman’s political development, providing a clear legal foundation for the rule of law, succession, and the relationship between the state and its people. It represented the institutionalisation of governance principles that had evolved since the Renaissance.
Key Points
The Basic Statute defines Oman as an independent, Arab, Islamic sultanate with full sovereignty. It establishes the principles of justice, equality, and consultative governance. Citizens’ rights including freedom of expression, assembly, and religious practice are enshrined alongside duties including loyalty to the state and respect for the law. The statute establishes the Council of Oman, comprising the elected Shura Council and the appointed State Council, as advisory legislative bodies. Succession provisions were clarified, providing institutional stability.
Current Status
The Basic Statute has been amended to reflect evolving governance needs, including strengthening the legislative role of the Council of Oman and clarifying succession procedures that were exercised smoothly during the transition of 2020. The document remains the foundational legal text from which all other legislation derives authority. Constitutional scholars recognise it as an important step in the gradual development of institutionalised governance in the Gulf region.
Vision 2040 Context
The Basic Statute provides the constitutional anchor for Vision 2040’s governance pillar. The principles of rule of law, institutional accountability, and citizen participation enshrined in the statute guide the ongoing reform of government institutions. By building on this constitutional foundation, Oman ensures that its transformation is grounded in legal certainty and respect for individual rights.